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A seizure is a sudden spurt of abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

While the causes can be varied and complex, the Epilepsy Foundation offers this list of common triggers:
Missing medications, especially those used to control seizures.
Changes in sleep routines or lack of sleep.
Hormonal changes in women, such as during menstruation or pregnancy.
Abusing alcohol or drugs, or withdrawing from them.
Stress and anxiety.
Factors that unpredictably change metabolism, such as diarrhea or vomiting.

Vigorous exercise may be an especially good way to keep kids lean, but sitting around, in and of itself, doesn’t appear to have a major role in making them fat, new research shows.

Nevertheless, there are still plenty of reasons to avoid too much sedentary “screen time,” Dr. Ulf Ekelund of the MRC Epidemiology Unit in Cambridge, UK and colleagues say, given potential negatives including “violence and aggressive behavior, poor academic performance, and poor body image.”

To help tease out the role of time spent in different types of activity in making children fat, independent of screen time and otherwise being a couch potato, Ekelund and his team looked at 1,862 children 9 to 10 years old, 23 percent of whom were overweight or obese.

Using a wristwatch-like device to measure the amount and intensity of activity children got throughout the day, the researchers looked for associations between this activity and children’s waist size, amount of body fat, and body mass index (BMI). Kids also reported how much time they spent watching TV or using a computer.

Sixty-nine percent of the children were getting at least an hour of moderate physical activity a day, while 58 percent reported having less than two hours of screen time daily.

While children who spent more time not moving had bigger waists and a larger percentage of body fat, much of this relationship could be attributed to the fact that they spent less time engaging in moderate physical activity.

But the time children spent engaging in vigorous activity, and their combined moderate activity-vigorous activity time, had the strongest ties to waist circumference and fat mass.

For instance, every 6.5 minutes a child spent doing vigorous activity like playing ball, bicycling, or running around outside was associated with a 1.32-centimeter reduction in waist size, the researchers found. But 13.6 minutes of moderate physical activity only reduced waist size by half a centimeter.

Based on the findings, the researchers say, children should still be encouraged to limit their sedentary time, but this alone won’t be enough to tackle childhood obesity.

“Interventions may therefore need to incorporate higher intensity-based activities to curb the growing obesity epidemic,” they conclude.

Boys in the study got an average of a half-hour of vigorous activity each day, while girls got 22 minutes. “There is no clear cut answer” as to how much vigorous activity is optimal, Ekelund noted in an email to Reuters Health.

“For most health outcomes, the more activity you do the better.” But, he added, people who do lots of strenuous activity may still put on too much weight if they take in too many calories.

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Nearly a third of Americans who die are in the hospital at the time and their last treatments cost the U.S. economy $20 billion, according to a report released on Wednesday.

The single biggest cause of hospital death was septicemia, an overwhelming infection of the blood, which killed 15 percent of patients, the team at the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found.

Eight percent died of respiratory failure, 6 percent died of stroke and 5 percent had fatal heart attacks in the hospital, according to the report, available at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb82.pdf.

“In 2007, it is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control that 2,423,995 people died in the United States. Of these, we estimate that 765,651 died in the hospital,” the agency’s Yafu Zhao and William Encinosa wrote.

“That is, 32 percent of all deaths in the U.S. in 2007 occurred in the hospital.”

Their analysis, using federal survey data, found that the average cost of a hospital stay that ended with the patient’s death was $26,035, compared to $9,447 for patients discharged alive.

Patients covered by Medicare, the federal health insurance plan for the elderly and disabled, accounted for 67 percent of in-hospital deaths and $12 billion in hospital costs.

Private insurance covered 20 percent of patients who died at a cost of $4 billion. Medicaid patients made up 2 percent and uninsured patients accounted for 3 percent and $630 million in costs.

“Overall, the costs of hospitalizations ending in death were $20 billion, which accounted for 5.2 percent of total in-patient hospital costs in the U.S. in 2007,” they wrote.

Zhao and Encinosa used their survey data, which covered 90 percent of U.S. hospitals, along with CDC data to calculate that 74 percent of infants who die are being treated in the hospital at the time.

“Among the elderly, 31 percent of deaths occurred in the hospital, while 34 percent of nonelderly deaths took place in the hospital,” they said.

People with painful, chronic bowel conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis could see a glimmer of hope from new research.

Scientists say they’ve spotted a genetic flaw that could drive a rare childhood form of colitis, and the finding might have implications for the broader range of illnesses collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Genetic analysis of nine children with a severe form of early-onset colitis found mutations of two genes producing cell receptors for interleukin-10, a protein that controls the body’s inflammatory response, according to a report published online Nov. 4 in the New England Journal of Medicine.

In one case, a bone marrow transplant eliminated a child’s disease, the report said.

About one million Americans have been diagnosed with IBD, which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. These conditions involve a persistent inflammation of the intestinal tract that can cause bouts of diarrhea, rectal bleeding and other symptoms.

The study is not the first to link interleukin-10 with IBD, noted study researcher Alejandro A. Schaffer, a staff scientist at the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Previous animal and human studies led to trials of interleukin-10 treatment for IBD patients that were not successful, he said.

But the new study shows that “there may be some subsets of adult patients who have insufficient amounts of interleukin-10,” Schaffer said. “We are suggesting that there might be a subset of patients worth identifying and treating differently.”

It’s not now possible to say how large that subset might be, he said.

“We’re very excited about this discovery,” said study lead author Dr. Erik-Oliver Glocker, a postdoctoral researcher at University College London in the United Kingdom.

The study, done at centers in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, identified two mutated genes for the molecules that allow interleukin-10 to act on cells. “These mutations have very severe consequences,” Glocker said. “If you have a mutation in the receptor, interleukin-10 doesn’t work and the entire immune system is off-balance.”

It took a lot of screening to find young people with this specific genetic flaw, Glocker said. The disease usually emerges later in life, and “in older patients, it could be different,” he said.

“There have been a lot of different genetic studies of Crohn’s disease, and they have always found genes that might be concerned,” Glocker said. “Maybe we can screen adult patients for the genes we have described and think of a similar treatment. If you have this mutation, you might be suitable for a bone marrow transplant.”

But adult IBD is a complex condition, genetically speaking, he added.

“The problem is that in Crohn’s disease patients, the cause of the disease is not well understood,” Glocker said. “In the patients we had, we know the genes and the functions of the genes and the proteins. And that makes treatment — a bone marrow transplant — much easier. We’re not sure that a transplant should be considered in adult Crohn’s patients.”

A number of variants of other genes have been detected in people with IBD, Schaffer said. “We’re not saying anything about those patients, unless they also have the interleukin-10 variant,” he said.

When your doctor asks you about any illnesses, injuries or past procedures, there’s no need to commit it all to memory if you keep a health journal.

The American Academy of Family Physicians suggests your journal include the following:
Any injuries you’ve had or illnesses for which you’ve been treated.
Any time you were hospitalized, including when and why.
Any allergies you have to foods, medications, household items, pollens, etc.
Any past surgeries or procedures.
All prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins or supplements taken. Be sure to include the dose and how often you take them.
Diseases, illnesses or health conditions that have affected immediate family members.

Prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure improves the lives of older Americans and also reduces medical costs, study findings show.

Researchers looked at a group of 51- and 52-year-olds from across the nation and projected their future state of health and medical costs if they could avoid developing certain chronic diseases. In a 51-year-old, prevention of obesity would extend life by 0.85 years, preventing high blood pressure would give them an additional 2.05 years, and by avoiding diabetes they would gain 3.17 years. People aged 51 and 52 who quit smoking would gain 3.44 more years of life, the study authors noted in a news release from the American Public Health Association.

Prevention of these conditions also would have lower lifetime medical costs for the individual: Preventing obesity would save $7,168; preventing high blood pressure would save $13,702; and preventing diabetes would save $34,483. However, the lifetime medical costs for a person who quits smoking would be $15,959 higher, the researchers noted in the news release.

“Our data indicate that primary prevention could improve the health and longevity of future cohorts of elderly persons in the United States at a relatively low cost,” the researchers concluded.

Researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health have developed an experimental technique with the potential to prevent a class of hereditary disorders passed on from mother to child. The technique, as yet conducted only in nonhuman primates, involves transferring the hereditary material from one female’s egg into another female’s egg from which the hereditary material has been removed.

The resultant eggs, which were fertilized with donor sperm, implanted in females and carried to term, produced offspring free of the mother’s mitochondria, but which instead possess the mitochondria from the donated egg cell. Mitochondria are tiny structures within cells that help provide energy to power the cell’s activities. They are passed on from mother to child, in the fluid (called cytoplasm) contained inside the egg cell. In recent years, defects in mitochondria have been linked with a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, infertility, and such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. The technique raises the possibility that mitochondria associated with a hereditary disorder could be prevented from being passed on to the next generation.

“Recent findings suggest that mitochondrial disorders play a role in at least some proportion of many human disorders,” said Duane Alexander, M.D, director of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which provided funding for the study. “Pending further research, the findings hold the potential of allowing a couple to have a child who is biologically their own, but is free of any conditions associated with defects in maternal mitochondria.”

Mitochondria are passed on to subsequent generations only through egg cells and not transmitted through sperm. In addition to the DNA found in the chromosomes, mitochondria have their own DNA. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with a variety of human disorders.

The study was conducted by researchers at the Oregon Health Science University in Beaverton and was published online in Nature.

Using the technique, the researchers created fertilized eggs and achieved three successful pregnancies in rhesus monkeys, which have resulted in four healthy newborns. Recent advances in the transfer of hereditary material and in microscopy facilitated the achievement, they wrote.

The researchers said that the technique did not appear to pose any risk of chromosomal damage. Analysis of 5-6-day-old embryos (blastocysts) resulting from the fertilized eggs, and of embryonic stem cell lines established from them, did not uncover any evidence of damage to the chromosomes. Analysis of cells from the infant monkeys born after the procedure failed to detect any mitochondrial DNA from the mother.